. It is assumed that the peak age of the EOL distribution for EVs would increase over the years toward a final 17-year-old peak of the conventional vehicles. The logic behind this assumption is that currently, the life of an EV is mainly driven by battery performance and lifetime, while in the future by decreasing the probability of battery failure, the EV EOL status is expected to be similar to the traditional vehicles. The evolution of EOL distribution curves is indicated in Figure 3 (c). #recycling